Implicación de la Cx43 y el cilio primario en la actividad de los osteocitos / Cx43 and primary cilium involvement in osteocyte activity

Objetivo: El tejido óseo tiene la capacidad de adaptarse a los estímulos del entorno alterando su morfología y metabolismo. Las diferentes células óseas se comunican entre sí a través de uniones comunicantes (UCs). La conexina 43 (Cx43) es la proteína más abundante de las UCs; tiene funciones clave en la transducción de señales y en la respuesta a estímulos hormonales y mecánicos. Otro elemento mecanosensor de los osteocitos es el cilio primario, formado por microtúbulos y que se desarrolla en la fase G0 del ciclo celular. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la implicación de la Cx43 y del cilio primario en la actividad de los osteocitos, analizar la posible interacción entre estos dos mecanosensores, y evaluar el papel que desempeñan en la detección y respuesta de los osteocitos ante el estímulo mecánico y la estimulación del receptor de la parathormona tipo 1 (PTH1R) por su ligando, la proteína relacionada con la parathormona (PTHrP) (1-36). Material y métodos: Se comparó la línea celular de osteocitos MLO-Y4 control (Cx43+/+) con MLO-Y4 deficientes en Cx43 (Cx43-/-). El análisis de expresión de la proteína del transporte intraflagelar 88 (IFT88), de la Cx43 y de la fosforilación de la quinasa reguladora de la señal extracelular (P-ERK) se determinó mediante Western blot. Para caracterizar la posible colocalización entre el cilio primario y Cx43 se realizó una inmunofluorescencia. Para simular el estímulo mecánico in vitro, las células se sometieron a un estrés mecánico de 10 dinas/cm2 por flujo de fluido durante 10 minutos. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el número de células con cilio primario no varía por la expresión de Cx43 (p=0,089); y que en las células con presencia en Cx43, el estímulo mecánico por flujo de fluido y la PTHrP aumentan la fosforilación de quinasas reguladas por señal extracelular (ERK) respecto a las células no estimuladas (p=0,049 y p=0,011, respectivamente). (AU)

Objetivo: Bone tissue can adapt to environmental stimuli by altering its morphology and metabolism. Different bone cells communicate with each other through communicating junctions (CJs). Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant CJ protein with key functions in signal transduction and in response to hormonal and mechanical stimuli. Another mechanosensor element of osteocytes is the primary cilium, formed by microtubules and which develops in the cell cycle’s G0 phase. Our study aims to determine Cx43 and primary cilium involvement in osteocytic activity, to analyze the possible interaction between these two mechanosensors and to assess the role they play in the detection and response of osteocytes to mechanical stimuli and stimulation of the parathormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R) by its ligand, the parathormone-related protein (PTHrP) (1-36). Material and methods: The control MLO-Y4 (Cx43 +/+) osteocyte cell line was compared to Cx43-deficient MLO-Y4 (Cx43 -/-). The expression analysis of intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88), Cx43 and phosphorylation of the extracellular signal regulatory kinase (P-ERK) was determined by Western blot. To characterize the possible colocalization between the primary cilium and Cx43, an immunofluorescence was carried out. To simulate mechanical stimulation in vitro, cells were subjected to mechanical stress of 10 dynes/cm2 by fluid flow for 10 minutes. Results: The results obtained show that the number of cells with primary cilium does not vary due to the expression of Cx43 (p = 0.089). In cells with Cx43 presence, mechanical stimulation by fluid flow and PTHrP increase the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) compared to unstimulated cells (p = 0.049 and p = 0.011, respectively). (AU)

Evaluación de la teleconsulta en el paciente urológico durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Evaluation of teleconsultation system in the urological patient during the COVID-19 pandemic

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia global de COVID-19 ha provocado una rápida implantación de la telemedicina, pero existe escasa información sobre la satisfacción percibida por el paciente como alternativa a la asistencia presencial. OBJETIVO: Se evalúa la satisfacción del paciente urológico con la teleconsulta durante la pandemia COVID-19. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, prospectivo transversal, no intervencionista, mediante encuesta telefónica durante el periodo considerado pico de pandemia (marzo-abril 2020). Se realiza una encuesta de calidad compuesta por 11 preguntas sobre la atención urológica durante la pandemia COVID-19 por los facultativos, seleccionando una muestra representativa de los pacientes atendidos en el periodo por teleconsulta. RESULTADOS: Doscientos pacientes fueron contactados telefónicamente para responder a una encuesta de calidad sobre teleconsulta. La distribución de pacientes encuestados entre las consultas monográficas fue homogénea entre el número de consultas citadas en el periodo, requiriendo el 18% de ellos ayuda por familiar. El 60% de los pacientes evitaron acudir a un centro médico durante la pandemia. El 42% de los pacientes encuestados tenían cancelada alguna prueba complementaria, el 59% alguna consulta médica, el 3,5% tratamientos y el 1% intervenciones. El 10% apreciaron un empeoramiento de su sintomatología urológica durante el confinamiento. La resolución subjetiva de la consulta por el facultativo fue alcanzada en el 72% de los casos, siendo la teleconsulta por el urólogo habitual en el 81%. El grado de satisfacción global con la teleconsulta fue de 9 (RIQ 8-10), considerando la teleconsulta como una «opción de asistencia sanitaria» pasada la crisis sanitaria por el 61,5% de los encuestados. CONCLUSIÓN: La teleconsulta ha sido valorada con un alto grado de satisfacción durante la pandemia COVID-19, ofreciendo asistencia continuada a los pacientes urológicos durante la crisis sanitaria. La calidad percibida ofrece un campo de asistencia telemática opcional en pacientes seleccionados, que debe reevaluarse fuera de una situación de confinamiento

INTRODUCTION: The global pandemic of COVID-19 has led to rapid implementation of telemedicine, but there is little information on patient satisfaction of this system as an alternative to face-to-face care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate urological patient satisfaction with teleconsultation during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, prospective, cross-sectional, non-interventional study carried out by telephone survey during the period considered as the peak of the pandemic (March-April 2020). A quality survey composed of 11 questions on urological care provided by physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted, selecting a representative sample of patients attended by teleconsultation. RESULTS: Two hundred patients were contacted by telephone to answer a survey on the quality of teleconsultation. The distribution of patients surveyed among the specialized consultations was homogeneous with the number of consultations cited in the period; 18% of them required assistance from family members. Sixty percent of patients avoided going to a medical center during the pandemic. Of the surveyed patients, 42% had cancelled diagnostic tests, 59% had cancelled medical consultations, 3.5% had cancelled treatments and 1% had cancelled interventions. Ten percent reported a worsening of urological symptoms during confinement. According to physicians, consultations were effectively delivered in 72% of cases, with teleconsultation being carried out by their usual urologist in 81%. Teleconsultation overall satisfaction level was 9 (IQI8-10), and 61.5% of respondents consider teleconsultation as a «health care option» after the healthcare crisis. CONCLUSION: Teleconsultation has been evaluated with a high level of satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering continuous care to urological patients during the healthcare crisis. The perceived quality offers a field of optional telematic assistance in selected patients, which should be re-evaluated in a period without confinement measures

Estudio de mortalidad de pacientes en desconexión progresiva del ventilador / Mortality study in patients at weaning from mechanical ventilation

OBJETIVO: Explicar la mortalidad de pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva en el Servicio de Medicina Intensiva (SMI) y en el hospital. DISEÑO: Prospectivo de cohortes. Duración: 9 meses. ÁMBITO: SMI. PACIENTES: En ventilación mecánica en el SMI, desde la intubación hasta el alta del hospital. INTERVENCIONES: Ninguna. VARIABLES DE INTERÉS: Fecha de ingreso, día de la primera prueba de desconexión de la ventilación, días de ventilación mecánica, día de extubación final, días de estancia en el SMI y en el hospital, día de muerte o traslado del SMI, SAPS-3, clasificación del estudio WIND, día de muerte o alta del hospital. RESULTADOS: De 266 pacientes, 40 eran del grupo 0 de la clasificación WIND (15%; IC 95% 11-20%); 166 del grupo 1 (62%; IC 95% 56-68%); 38 del grupo 2 (14%; IC 95% 11-19%); y 22 del grupo 3 (8%; IC 95% 6-12%). Usando regresión logística, el grupo 3 tiene la más alta probabilidad de muerte en el hospital: grupo 3 vs. 1 (odds ratio 4,0; IC 95% 1,5-10,8; p = 0,007). Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias en la mortalidad del grupo 3 vs. 1 empleando el método de regresión de Cox (hazard ratio 1,6; IC 95% 0,7-3,4; p=ns). CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestro estudio, y teniendo en cuenta el tiempo de exposición, la mortalidad es la misma entre los 3 diferentes grupos de pacientes que se han sometido a una prueba de desconexión de la ventilación

OBJECTIVE: To explain mortality in the ICU and in hospital among patients subjected to invasive mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: A prospective, 9-month observational cohort study was carried out. SETTING: A Department of Intensive Care Medicine. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation were followed-up on until hospital discharge or death. INTERVENTIONS: None. INTEREST VARIABLES: Date of admission, day of first spontaneous breathing test, length of mechanical ventilation, final extubation date, days in ICU, days in hospital or discharge from ICU, SAPS-3 score, WIND study classification, day of death, hospital discharge. RESULTS: There were 266 patients: 40 in group 0 of the WIND classification (15%; 95% CI 11-20%); 166 in group 1 (62%; 95% CI 56-68%); 38 in group 2 (14%; 95% CI 11-19%); and 22 in group 3 (8%; 95% CI 6-12%. Logistic regression analysis showed group 3 to have the highest hospital mortality (group 3 vs. group 1; odds ratio 4.0; 95% CI 1.5-10.8; P=.007). However, Cox regression analysis showed no significant differences (hazard ratio group 3 vs. group 1, 1.6; 95% CI 0.7-3.4; P=ns). CONCLUSION: In our study, considering exposure time, the probability of mortality was the same among the 3 different groups of patients with at least one spontaneous breathing test

Predicting the outcome of respiratory disease in wheezing infants using tidal flow-volume loop shape

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Wheezing (RW) infants with a positive asthma predictive index (API+) have a lower lung function as measured by forced expiratory techniques. Tidal flow-volume loops (TFVL) are easy to perform in infants, and sedation is not necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 216 wheezing infants were successfully measured, and 183 of them were followed for over a year. TFVL loops were classified into one of three categories depending of their geometric shape (symmetric, convex, and concave). Respiratory rate (Rr), presence of API+, and the number of exacerbations during the following year were also recorded. RESULTS: Children with concave loops had more exacerbations in the following year (OR = 6.8 [IC95% 3.33;13.91]). Infants API + were also significantly more related to concave loops (OR = 10.02 [IC 95% 4.53; 22.15]). Rr was higher in infants with concave loops (44+/−15.5 vs. 36.6 +/−12.6; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Infants with a concave TFVL have a higher probability of experiencing exacerbations in the following year, and are at a higher risk of suffering asthma

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Direct medical costs of pediatric asthma exacerbations requiring hospital attendance in a middle-income country

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: With the aim of making informed decisions on resource allocation, there is a critical need for studies that provide accurate information on hospital costs for treating pediatric asthma exacerbations, mainly in middle-income countries (MICs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the direct medical costs associated with pediatric asthma exacerbations requiring hospital attendance in Bogota, Colombia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the available electronic medical records (EMRs) for all pediatric patients who were admitted to the Fundacion Hospital de La Misericordia with a discharge principal diagnosis pediatric asthma exacerbation over a 24-month period from January 2016 to December 2017. Direct medical costs of pediatric asthma exacerbations were retrospectively collected by dividing the patients into four groups: those admitted to the emergency department (ED) only; those admitted to the pediatric ward (PW); those admitted to the pediatric intermediate care unit (PIMC); and those admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). RESULTS: A total of 252 patients with a median (IQR) age of 5.0 (3.0-7.0) years were analyzed, of whom 142 (56.3%) were males. Overall, the median (IQR) cost of patients treated in the ED, PW, PIMC, and PICU was US$38.8 (21.1-64.1) vs. US$260.5 (113.7-567.4) vs. 1212.4 (717.6-1609.6) vs. 2501.8 (1771.6-3405.0), respectively: this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study helps to further our understanding of the economic burden of pediatric asthma exacerbations requiring hospital attendance among pediatric patients in a MIC

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Direct medical costs of RSV-related bronchiolitis hospitalizations in a middle-income tropical country

Introduction and objectives: With the objective of making informed decisions on resource allocation, there is a critical need for studies that provide accurate information on hospital costs for treating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related bronchiolitis, mainly in middle-income countries (MICs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the direct medical costs associated with bronchiolitis hospitalizations caused by infection with RSV in Bogota, Colombia. Material and methods: We reviewed the available electronic medical records (EMRs) for all infants younger than two years of age who were admitted to the Fundacion Hospital de La Misericordia with a discharge principal diagnosis of RSV-related bronchiolitis over a 24-month period from January 2016 to December 2017. Direct medical costs of RSV-related bronchiolitis were retrospectively collected by dividing the infants into three groups: those requiring admission to the pediatric ward (PW) only, those requiring admission to the pediatric intermediate care unit (PIMC), and those requiring to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Results: A total of 89 patients with a median (IQR) age of 7.1 (3.1-12.2) months were analyzed of whom 20 (56.2%) were males. Overall, the median (IQR) cost of infants treated in the PW, in the PIMC, and in the PICU was US$518.0 (217.0-768.9) vs. 1305.2 (1051.4-1492.2) vs. 2749.7 (1372.7-4159.9), respectively, with this difference being statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study helps to further our understanding of the economic burden of RSV-related bronchiolitis hospitalizations among infants of under two years of age in a middle-income tropical country

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Planificación preparatoria digital en artroplastia total de cadera / Digital preoperative planning in total hip artroplasty

La planificación preoperatoria de la artroplastia total de cadera es una fase fundamental para disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones y conseguir resultados clínicos consistentes y reproducibles. Gracias a la planificación preoperatoria, el cirujano puede identificar las dificultades quirúrgicas del paciente sobre las cuales es necesario actuar, permite anticipar instrumental o implantes específicos, facilita la comunicación y docencia entre compañeros y proporciona cobertura legal. La introducción de la radiología digital ha supuesto un verdadero avance en la evaluación radiográfica de los pacientes. Encontramos numerosas ventajas asistenciales, docentes e investigadoras. Para realizar correctamente las técnicas de planificación preoperatoria en Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, así como para realizar diversas mediciones o colocar plantillas digitales, es necesario el uso de un software específico y conocer la magnificación de la radiografía. Para establecer la magnificación de la radiografía existen diversos sistemas de calibración como el uso de marcadores o la magnificación fija según la región anatómica a estudio. En este trabajo realizamos una revisión del estado actual de la planificación preoperatoria digital en la artroplastia de cadera, las ventajas que su realización de forma adecuada proporciona al cirujano y los recursos técnicos que son necesarios para poder realizarla de forma habitual en un servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología

Preoperative planning of total hip arthroplasty is an essential step in order to reduce the incidence of complications and achieving consistent and reproducible clinical outcomes. Thanks to preoperative planning, the surgeon can identify surgical difficulties of the patient, anticipate specific implants or techniques, facilitates communication between surgical team and provides legal coverage. The introduction of digital radiology has been a real advance in the radiographic evaluation of patients. We find many clinical, educational and researchers benefits. It is necessary the use of a specific software and know the magnification of the digital radiograph to correctly perform preoperative techniques as well to perform measurements or place digital templates. To establish the magnification of the radiograph there are several calibration methods such as the use of markers or fixed magnification according to the anatomical region under study. In this paper, we perform a review of the current state of digital preoperative planning in hip arthroplasty, the advantages that its adequate realization provides to the surgeon and the technical resources that are necessary perform it regularly in a department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology

Galectin-3 as a novel biotarget in cardiovascular alterations associated to development of severe aortic stenosis / La galectina-3, una nueva diana terapéutica para las alteraciones cardiovasculares asociadas al desarrollo de la estenosis aórtica severa

Aortic stenosis is one of the most common heart valve diseases, as well as one of the most common causes of heart failure in the elderly. Currently, there are no medical therapies to prevent or slow the progression of the disease. When symptoms develop alongside severe aortic stenosis, there is a poor prognosis unless aortic valve replacement is performed. Aortic stenosis is a heterogeneous disease with a complex pathophysiology involving structural and biological changes of the valve, as well as adaptive and maladaptive compensatory changes in the myocardium and vasculature in response to chronic pressure overload. Galectin-3 serves important functions in numerous biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, differentiation, inflammation and fibrosis. With evidence emerging to support the function of Galectin-3, the current review aims to summarize the latest literature regarding the potential of Galectin-3 as therapeutic target in aortic valve and cardiovascular alterations associated with aortic stenosis

La estenosis aórtica severa degenerativa (EA) es una enfermedad muy prevalente, cuya incidencia se incrementará en los próximos años debido al envejecimiento de la población. Actualmente no existe ningún tratamiento farmacológico que retarde su progresión y, cuando aparecen los síntomas, la cirugía de recambio valvular es la única opción. La EA se caracteriza por la calcificación de la válvula aórtica y por la aparición de fibrosis miocárdica. Sin embargo, no se conocen los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la EA necesarios para identificar y desarrollar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas adecuadas. La Galectina-3 (Gal-3) regula funciones biológicas como el crecimiento, la diferenciación, la apoptosis, la inflamación o la fibrosis. Esta revisión resume los principales trabajos que describen el potencial de la Gal-3 como diana terapéutica para las alteraciones cardíacas y valvulares asociadas con el desarrollo de EA

Patrones fenotípicos de susceptibilidad deStaphylococcus aureus de piel y partes blandas enhospitalizados

Introducción: los patrones fenotípicos de susceptibilidad de Staphylococcus aureusconstituyen la mejor expresión de su estudio fenotípico actualmente. Objetivo:identificar patrones fenotípicos de susceptibilidad ante cepas meticilina resistente ysensible. Método: se realizó una investigación transversal, descriptiva en el Hospital“Arnaldo Milián Castro” de 2013 a 2017 de Staphylococcus aureus aislados en piel ypartes blandas en pacientes hospitalizados que presentaron el antibiograma completoconsistente en: meticilina, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, gentamicina y cotrimoxazol,clasificados en resistentes o sensibles; se crearon 16 patrones con los cuatro últimosantimicrobianos en ese orden preestablecido. La población fue de 1 789 aislamientos. Seobtuvo una frecuencia de distribución de cada patrón y se realizó el análisis estadísticoscomo Chi cuadrado de independencia y V de Cramer. Resultados: circularon los 16patrones fenotípicos de susceptibilidad, el 13, el 1 y el 15 fueron los de mayoresaislamientos en el quinquenio estudiado. Existió dependencia entre la susceptibilidad dela meticilina y los patrones 13 (RSSS), 1 (SSSS), 15 (RSRR), 16 (RSRS), 2(SSSR),9(RRRR) y 3 (SSRR); esta asociación fue moderada con los patrones 13 y 1, mientrasque fue baja con los cinco restantes. Siempre que se estuvo en presencia de meticilinasensible se encontraron, con mayor frecuencia, los patrones 1, 2 y 3 y si la meticilina eraresistente los patrones de mayor frecuencia fueron 13, 15, 16 y 9. Conclusiones: hubopleomorfismo de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus en infecciones de piel y partes blandascon predominio de asociación estadística a meticilina resistente.[AU]

Relation between serum CC16 levels and asthma predictive index in pre-schoolers with recurrent wheezing

BACKGROUND: Low levels of serum CC16 were reported in asthmatic adults, but the studies on children were scarce and conflicting. The aim of this study was to compare serum CC16 levels in pre-school children with recurrent wheezing assessed using an asthma predictive index (API). METHODS: We performed a case-control study based on API, with all enrolled pre-school children who had recurrent wheezing episodes (>3 episodes/last year confirmed by a physician) and had presented at one paediatric clinic in Santiago, Chile. The population was divided according to stringent API criteria into positive or negative. RESULTS: In a one-year period, 60 pre-schoolers were enrolled. After excluding 12, 48 pre-schoolers remained (27 males, age range from 24 to 71 months) and completed the study; 34 were API positive and 14 were API negative. There were no significant differences in demographics between groups. The level of serum CC16 levels for pre-schoolers with a positive API and negative API were (median 9.2 [7.1-11.5] and 9.4 [5.5-10], p = 0.26, respectively). The area under the curve for the serum CC16 levels to predict a positive API was 0.6, 95% CI [0.43-0.77], p = 0.3. A correlation between serum CC16 levels and age was found (r = 0.36 [0.07-0.59], p = 0.01], but not between serum CC16 levels and peripheral eosinophils blood. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence that serum CC16 levels played a role in recurrent wheezing and a positive API in pre-school children. More studies are needed to confirm this finding

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Serum periostin is not related to asthma predictive index

BACKGROUND: In contrast to adult asthmatic patients, studies on the role of serum periostin levels in schoolchildren with asthma are still conflictive, and very few studies have been performed in pre-schoolers. The aim of this study was to compare serum periostin levels in recurrent wheezer pre-schoolers according to their asthma predictive index (API) condition. METHODS: We performed a case-control study enrolling pre-schoolers with recurrent wheezing episodes (>3 episodes confirmed by physician) presented at one paediatric clinic in Santiago, Chile. The population was divided according to stringent API criteria into positive or negative. RESULTS: In a one-year period, 60 pre-schoolers were enrolled. After excluding 12 (due to not fulfilment of inclusion criteria or refusal of blood sample extraction), 48 remaining pre-schoolers (27 males, age range from 24 to 71 months) completed the study; 34 were API positive and 14 were API negative. There were no significant differences in demographics between groups. The level of serum periostin levels for pre-schoolers with positive API and negative API were (median 46.7 [25.5-83.1] and 67.5 [20.5-131.8], p = 0.9, respectively). The area under the curve for the serum periostin levels for predict positive API was 0.5, 95% CI [0.29-0.70], p = 0.9. No significant correlation between serum periostin levels and peripheral blood eosinophils was found. CONCLUSION: Serum periostin levels were no significantly different between wheezer pre-schoolers with positive and negative API. More studies are needed to confirm this finding

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Nefrolitectomía percutánea de calibre reducido (NLP-CR). Algoritmo de decisión terapéutica / Small-calibre percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SC-PCNL). Therapeutic decision algorithm

Introducción: La progresiva reducción del calibre del tracto en cirugía percutánea renal, hasta alcanzar la miniaturización, ha expandido su utilización a litiasis de menor tamaño que hasta ahora se trataban mediante litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOCH) y cirugía retrógrada intrarrenal (CRIR). Objetivo: Realizar una puesta al día de las diferentes técnicas de nefrolitectomía de calibre reducido (NLP-CR) analizando su eficacia, seguridad e indicaciones, así como su grado de implantación en la actualidad. Material y métodos: Realizamos una revisión en PubMed de la literatura en castellano e inglés sobre las diferentes técnicas de NLP-CR. Resultados. La NLP-CR ha disminuido la morbilidad asociada a la NLP estándar, particularmente el sangrado, y ha posibilitado la nefrolitectomía tubeless con mayor seguridad. Existen diferentes técnicas con confusa terminología (miniperc, microperc, mini-microperc, ultraminiperc) que se diferencian en el calibre que emplean y en determinados aspectos técnicos que hacen que sus indicaciones deban ser precisadas. Actualmente, la NLPCR compite con técnicas menos invasoras que la NLP estándar, como la LEOCH y la CRIR en el tratamiento de las litiasis de pequeño tamaño, pero todavía su papel no está suficientemente esclarecido y es aún motivo de debate. Conclusiones. Las indicaciones de la NLP se están expandiendo a tamaños litiásicos más pequeños debido a la miniaturización de la técnica, compitiendo en este campo con LEOCH y CRIR. Precisamos mayores estudios para establecer sus indicaciones precisas en el tratamiento de la litiasis renal

Introduction: The progressive reduction in the calibre of the tract in percutaneous kidney surgery to the point of miniaturisation has expanded its use to smaller stones that until now have been treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Objective: To provide an update on the various techniques of small-calibre nephrolithotomy (SC-PCNL) analyse their efficacy, safety and indications and determine their degree of implantation at this time. Material and methods: We performed a review in PubMed of Spanish and English medical literature on the various techniques of SC-PCNL. Results: The use of SC-PCNL has reduced the morbidity associated with standard PCNL, particularly bleeding, and has enabled tubeless nephrolithotomy with greater safety. There are various techniques with blurred terminology (Miniperc, Microperc, Mini-microperc, Ultraminiperc), which differ in terms of gauge employed and in certain technical aspects that require their indications be specified. Currently, SC-PCNL competes with techniques that are less invasive than standard PCNL such as ESWL and the RIRS in treating small stones, but the role of SC-PCNL is still not sufficiently understood and continues to be the subject of debate. Conclusions: The indications for PCNL are expanding to small stone sizes due to the miniaturisation of the technique. PCNL competes in this field with ESWL and RIRS. Larder studies are needed to establish the specific indications for PCNL in treating nephrolithiasis

What are the real effects of the Mediterranean diet on recurrent colds and their complications?

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Metástasis vaginal de carcinoma urotelial de vía urinaria superior / Vaginal metastasis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma

Las metástasis vaginales de carcinomas uroteliales han sido descritas en raras ocasiones. Presentamos un caso de carcinoma urotelial de vía urinaria superior, metastatizado en vagina, en una paciente que comenzó con un cuadro de dolor en fosa renal izquierda y hematuria. La paciente fue sometida a nefroureterectomía izquierda y escisión de la lesión vaginal. Este caso revela la variabilidad en el mecanismo de diseminación de los carcinomas uroteliales

Vaginal metastases from urothelial carcinomas have been reported in rare cases. We present a case of vaginal metastasis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in a patient who presented with pain in the left renal Fossa and haematuria. The patient underwent left nephroureterectomy and excision of the vaginal injury. This case reveals variability in the mechanism of spread of urothelial carcinomas

Duración del tratamiento anticoagulante. A favor de plazos cortos / Anticoagulant therapy duration. In favour of short-term courses

Durante los últimos años se ha observado una tendencia a prolongar la duración del tratamiento anticoagulante en los pacientes con enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV). Esto expone a los pacientes a un mayor riesgo de hemorragias graves y mortales que, en determinadas situaciones, superan los beneficios relacionados con la reducción de recurrencias de la enfermedad. En esta revisión se repasan las evidencias a favor de reducir al mínimo el tratamiento anticoagulante, especialmente en los pacientes con ETEV «provocada» por factores de riesgo transitorios, con trombosis venosa profunda aislada, y con ETEV «no provocada» y riesgo alto de hemorragia (AU)

In recent years, we have observed a tendency to extend anticoagulant therapy for patients with venous thromboembolism disease (VTE). This practice exposes patients to a greater risk of severe and fatal haemorrhage, which, in certain conditions, outweighs the benefits related to the reduction in disease recurrence. This review examines the evidence in favour of reducing anticoagulant therapy as much as possible, especially for patients with VTE 'caused' by temporary risk factors, with isolated deep vein thrombosis and with unprovoked VTE and a high risk of haemorrhage (AU)

Traumatismo craneoencefálico e hiponatremia, una asociación a tener en cuenta / Brain trauma and hyponatremia, an association to consider

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Airway tone dysfunction among pre-schoolers with positive asthma predictive index: a case–control study

OBJECTIVE: To measure lung function by impulse oscillometry (IOS) and spirometry in recurrent wheezer pre-schoolers according to their asthma predictive index (API) condition. METHODS: We performed a case-control study enrolling all pre-schoolers with recurrent wheezing episodes (>3 episodes confirmed by physician) who presented at a paediatric pulmonology clinic. The population was divided according to stringent API criteria into positive or negative. RESULTS: In the nine-month period, 109 pre-schoolers were enrolled. After excluding one patient (due to lung function technique problems) 108 pre-schoolers (56 males, age range from 24 to 72 months) completed the study; 50 belong to positive API and 58 to negative API group. There were no differences in demographics between groups. More use of ICS was found in those with positive API than with negative API (62% vs. 12%, respectively, p = 0.001). No differences in basal lung function and post-bronchodilator response to salbutamol (by IOS or spirometry) were found between positive and negative API pre-schoolers. However, those positive API pre-schoolers with ICS had significantly higher central basal airway resistance (RA at 20Hz) and higher post-BD response (% change in FEF25-75 and in FEV0.5) than those positive API without ICS. CONCLUSION: Recurrent wheezer pre-schoolers with positive API and ICS used may have airway dysfunction. More studies are needed to confirm this finding

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Effect of foods and Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and first years of life on wheezing, rhinitis and dermatitis in preschoolers

BACKGROUND: There is a conflictive position if some foods and Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) consumed by the mother during pregnancy and by the child during the first years of life can be protective for current wheezing, rhinitis and dermatitis at preschool age. METHODS: Questionnaires of epidemiological factors and food intake by the mother during pregnancy and later by the child were filled in by parents in two surveys at two different time points (1.5 yrs and 4 yrs of life) in 1000 preschoolers. RESULTS: The prevalences of current wheezing, rhinitis and dermatitis were 18.8%, 10.4%, and 17.2%, respectively. After multiple logistic analysis children who were low fruit consumers (never/occasionally) and high fast-food consumers (≥3 times/week) had a higher risk for current wheezing; while intermediate consumption of meat (1 or 2 times/week) and low of pasta by mothers in pregnancy were protected. For current rhinitis, low fruit consumer children were at higher risk; while those consuming meat <3 times/week were protected. For current dermatitis, high fast food consumption by mothers in pregnancy; and low or high consumption of fruit, and high of potatoes in children were associated to higher prevalence. Children consuming fast food >1 times/week were protected for dermatitis. MedDiet adherence by mother and child did not remain a protective factor for any outcome. CONCLUSION: Low consumption of fruits and high of meat by the child, and high consumption of potatoes and pasta by the mother had a negative effect on wheezing, rhinitis or dermatitis; while fast food consumption was inconsistent

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Increased prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae serological positivity in Chilean young children

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a frequent cause of respiratory infections in school children and adolescents. Epidemiological suspicion is important, since there are no specific symptoms or signs to help in diagnosing infection caused by this agent. OBJECTIVE: To determine the variation in prevalence over the last 10 years of M. pneumoniae IgM seropositivity according to age, particularly in pre-schoolers. Method: The results of M. pneumoniae IgM serological testing between January 2004 and December 2013 were analysed. Variables such as gender and month and year of sample processing were studied according to age groups (<5, 5-18, 19-50, 51-70 and >70 years of age). RESULTS: Of a total of 20,020 serological samples, 31.9% proved positive for M. pneumoniae. All age groups showed increases in percentage seropositivity over the last 10 years, although the most significant increase corresponded to the 5-18 years group (from 15.8% to 54%), followed by children <5 years of age (from 8.6% to 30%). Seropositivity was significantly higher in women in all age groups, except in those over 50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Children under five years of age were the group with the second highest increase in seropositivity

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Urinary leukotriene and Bcl I polymorphism of glucocorticoid receptor gene in preschoolers with recurrent wheezing and high risk of asthma

BACKGROUND: Urinary leukotriene (LTE4) is an important marker of airway inflammation presence. A relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) gene promoter (Bcl I polymorphism), development of asthma and sensitivity to glucocorticoids has been hypothesised. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible association between the Bcl I polymorphism and baseline levels of urinary LTE4 in preschoolers with recurrent wheezing episodes. We prospectively enrolled and classified 86 preschoolers based on the risk of developing asthma (by the Asthma Predictive Index [API]). METHODS: At admission standardised questionnaires for demographics and respiratory illness characteristics were completed. The Bcl I polymorphism of the GCR was determined by a PCR-RFLP assay from blood samples, and urinary leukotriene was assessed from urine samples by an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: We enrolled 86 preschoolers (46 with positive API and 40 with negative API). There were no statistical differences in demographic, respiratory illnesses and wheezing episodes characteristics between both groups. Also, the prevalence of Bcl I polymorphism was similar between positive vs. negative API groups (34.8% vs. 38.9% for homozygote GG, 56.5% vs. 52.8% for heterozygote GC, 8.7% vs. 8.3% for homozygote CC, respectively, p = 0.94). However, urinary LTE4 (median [IQR]) was higher in preschoolers with positive than negative API (7.18 [5.57-8.96 pg/ml] vs. 6.42 [3.96-8.07 pg/ml], p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In our population, wheezing preschoolers with positive API exhibit higher levels of urinary LTE4 than those with negative API; but there were no differences in Bcl I polymorphism of the GCR

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